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[[Image:Saki Yakuman.jpg|350px|thumb|Example hand featuring kans.]]
[[Image:Saki Yakuman.jpg|350px|thumb|Example hand featuring kans.]]
'''Kan''' {{kana|カン}} is a special [[naki|tile call]] in the game. This call forms a [[mentsu|tile grouping]] of four identical tiles, called '''kantsu''' {{kana|槓子}}. Just like all tile calls, the call itself is optional; thus, an opportunity to call kan is not mandatory.
'''Kan''' {{kana|カン}} is a special [[naki|tile call]]. This call forms a [[mentsu|tile grouping]] of four identical tiles, called '''kantsu''' {{kana|槓子}}. Just like all tile calls, it is optional.


While appearing as a four-of-a-kind, the tiles used to form kantsu actually function as a [[koutsu|three-of-a-kind]] plus one extra tile. With that in mind, tiles called for kan still interpreted as "triplets" particularly for [[Yaku#Triplet|triplet-based yaku]], such as [[toitoi]] and [[sanankou]]. For every kan declaration, players are required to take an extra tile draw from the [[dead wall]].  This drawn tile is called the '''[[rinshanpai]]''', or '''dead wall draw'''.  After the kan call and player's discard, then another [[dora|dora indicator]] is revealed. 
While it appears as a four-of-a-kind, the tiles used for the kantsu actually function as a [[koutsu|three-of-a-kind]] plus one extra tile. Therefore, the set counts towards the [[Yaku#Triplet|triplet-based yaku]], such as [[toitoi]] and [[sanankou]].  


The call for kan is a discretionary play, with its own set of rules and restrictions. Under all circumstances, a player may call kan or decline when given the opportunity. The strength of kan play stems from the exclusive access to the dead wall and the revealing of additional dora.  At the same time, kan play is very risky, where other players may end up as the benefactors. Therefore, players may decline calling the kan to minimize risk.  Choosing to do so or not, this play does require some assessment; and players are not encouraged to make such calls recklessly.  On the other hand, players may rely on kans, when it is needed.
After declaring kan, the player is required to take an extra tile draw from the [[dead wall]]. This drawn tile is called the '''[[rinshanpai]]''', or '''dead wall draw'''. In addition, when declaring kan, another [[dora|dora indicator]] is revealed.
 
The main benefits of kan are the revealed kan dora, a draw from the dead wall, and somewhat increased [[fu]] count. However, your opponents can also benefit from kan dora, so kan is inherently risky. Therefore, you should [[kan strategy|assess the situation]] before you make a kan.


== Procedure ==
== Procedure ==
[[Image:Kan timing.png|right|thumb|250px|Difference in [http://tenhou.net/0/?log=2018051409gm-0029-0000-62fe6cf4&tw=2&ts=1 kan dora reveal timing] based on different kan types.]]
[[Image:Kan timing.png|right|thumb|250px|Difference in [http://tenhou.net/0/?log=2018051409gm-0029-0000-62fe6cf4&tw=2&ts=1 kan dora reveal timing] based on different kan types.]]
Like the other tile calls, kan is also a tile call. However, it comes with special properties and rules. These rules apply when a player possesses or gains possession of four of the same tile; and then the player makes the kan call.
Like the other tile calls, kan is also a tile call. However, it comes with special properties and rules. These rules apply when a player possesses or gains possession of four of the same tile; and then the player makes the kan call.


# The player calls "kan".
# The player calls "kan".
# The four identical tiles are shown and are set aside, like an open call. Together, the four tiles now count as one [[Mentsu|tile group]].
# The four identical tiles are shown and are set aside, like an open call. Together, the four tiles now count as one [[Mentsu|tile group]].
# Then, a replacement tile is drawn from the dead wall. This acts as the replacement tile to maintain the proper hand size for four groups and a pair.
# Then, a replacement tile is drawn from the dead wall. This acts as the replacement tile to maintain the proper hand size for four groups and a pair.
# If this tile draw completes the hand. then the player may declare a win and claim [[rinshan kaihou]].
# If this tile draw completes the hand. then the player may declare a win and claim [[rinshan kaihou]].
# Otherwise, the last tile from the wall is added to the dead wall, so that the dead wall contains 14 tiles at all times.
# Otherwise, the last tile from the wall is added to the dead wall, so that the dead wall contains 14 tiles at all times.
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# Otherwise, the turn may end by discarding normally.
# Otherwise, the turn may end by discarding normally.


A special case may involve the yaku, [[chankan]]. If the kan call involves a shouminkan and the added tile is a winning tile for another player, then chankan may be applied upon the declaration of another player's winning hand. In this case, the hand ends before the player even gets to draw the extra tile from the dead wall. Thus, the process of calling kan gets interrupted in favor of another player's winning hand.
A special case involves [[chankan]]. If the kan call is a shouminkan (added kan), and the added tile is a winning tile for another player, then that player may call ron and win with chankan. This happens before the rinshan draw. Typically, the kandora is not revealed for a chankan.


=== Kandora timing ===
=== Kandora timing ===
The call for kan reveals additional dora in the form of [[dora|kandora]]. The timing of this reveal is variable, depending on [[Dora variations|the rule set and/or game platform]].  The simplest rule invokes an immediate reveal upon the declaration; and so, this rule would immediately place the kan reveal after step 1. Others distinguish the timing between open and closed kans. Here, closed kans would be granted an immediate reveal; however, open kans would produce another kandora indicator after a discard or another kan (i.e. after either step 6 or 7). Regarding the timing of the kandora, players will need to consult organizational, tournament, and/or local rules.
The call for kan reveals additional dora in the form of [[dora|kandora]]. The timing of this reveal is variable, depending on [[Dora variations|the rule set and/or game platform]].   
*The simplest rule is to immediately reveal dora after kan. This rule would place to kan reveal right after step 2.
*Many platforms distinguish between open and closed kans. In these rules, closed kans will reveal the kan dora immediately. Open kans will only reveal kan dora after discarding, or after making another kan (i.e. after either step 6 or 7).  
 
Regarding the timing of the kandora, players will need to consult organizational, tournament, and/or local rules.


==Kan types==
==Kan types==
Kan can occur under three different occasions; and thus, there are three types of kan based on drawing order:
Kan can occur under three different occasions; and thus, there are three types of kan based on drawing order:
*Closed triplet with the fourth tile type discarded
*Closed triplet with the fourth tile type discarded (Daminkan; open kan)
*Open triplet with the fourth tile type drawn
*Open triplet with the fourth tile type drawn (Shouminkan; added kan)
*All four tile types drawn
*All four tile types drawn (Ankan; closed kan)


===Daiminkan===
===Daiminkan===
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:[http://tenhou.net/0/?log=2014040107gm-0009-7447-f5d22b11&tw=2&ts=5 Example]
:[http://tenhou.net/0/?log=2014040107gm-0009-7447-f5d22b11&tw=2&ts=5 Example]


'''Daiminkan''' {{kana|大明槓}} is also called an "open kan".  A player possesses three of a tile type within the hand. Then the fourth is discarded.  The player may claim the discarded tile and form a daiminkan. Upon doing so, the player has opened the hand, if the hand was initially closed.
'''Daiminkan''' {{kana|大明槓}}, or "open kan", may happen when a player possesses three of a tile type in their hand. When the fourth tile is discarded, the player may claim it and form a daminkan. Upon doing so, the player has opened the hand, if it was not open already. Like [[pon]], this call cannot be made on the last discard of the game.
 
Most rules do not allow to flip the kan dora indicator immediately after a daiminkan declaration. It is usually flipped after discarding, or upon another kan declaration on the same turn. Some rules allow the kan dora indicator to be flipped immediately.


A daiminkan may not be made with the last discard of the game, which invokes the follow up procedure to take a [[rinshanpai]].  Because all tiles from the regular wall are used, no replacement tile from the regular wall to the dead wall could be made in order to maintain the dead wall at 14 tiles.  Taking a rinshanpai in this case would reduce the dead wall count to 13, which not acceptable.
For daiminkan, most rulesets flip the new dora indicator after discarding, or after another kan is made.


Some rules invoke [[Sekinin barai#Sekinin barai for rinshan kaihou|sekinin barai]] on a player discarding into the daiminkan.
A few rules invoke [[Sekinin barai#Sekinin barai for rinshan kaihou|sekinin barai]] on a player discarding into the daiminkan. If the kan-declaring player wins off the rinshan draw, the player who allowed the kan would be liable for the entire hand.


===Shouminkan===
===Shouminkan===
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:[http://tenhou.net/0/?log=2014101819gm-0009-7448-b5a206e3&tw=0 Example]
:[http://tenhou.net/0/?log=2014101819gm-0009-7448-b5a206e3&tw=0 Example]


'''Shouminkan''' {{kana|小明槓}} is referred as an "added kan", where a player had previously called pon to form a '''minkou''', or open triplet.   Upon drawing the fourth tile, the player may add that tile to the minkou and upgrade it to a shominkan. If the fourth tile was discarded by another player, it cannot be claimed by kan. The kan dora indicator is flipped at the same time as for a ''daiminkan''. Another term to describe this kan is '''kakan''' {{kana|加槓}}.
'''Shouminkan''' {{kana|小明槓}}, or "added kan", may happen when a player had previously called [[pon]] to form an [[minkou|open triplet]]. Upon drawing the fourth tile, the player may add that tile to the triplet to upgrade it to a shouminkan. If the fourth tile was discarded by another player, it cannot be claimed by kan. The kan dora timing is the same as daiminkan. Another term to describe this kan is '''kakan''' {{kana|加槓}}.


The player may declare this kan during any turn; and therefore, the player does not need to declare kan immediately at first opportunity. If the player has just claimed a discarded tile instead of drawing a tile from the wall or the dead wall, then the ability to declare kan is disabled on this turn. The player would have to wait for the next tile draw instead. It is also forbidden to declare a kan while the wall is empty, because the dead wall cannot be replenished.
Players may declare a shouminkan during any of their turns. Therefore, the player does not have to call shouminkan immediately. However, if the player has called pon or chii, the ability to create kan is disabled until the next turn. In addition, you cannot call kan if there is no tiles in the live wall.


This kan call is vulnerable to one specific yaku: [[chankan]] or robbing the kan. If another player is tenpai and the added tile completes his hand, that player may call ''ron'' immediately after the ''shominkan'' declaration. It ends the hand before the kan is completed; therefore no new kan dora indicator is flipped.
Shouminkan is vulnerable to [[chankan]] ("robbing a kan"). If another player is in tenpai, and the added tile would complete their hand, that player may call '''ron''' immediately after the ''shominkan'' declaration. Chankan ends the hand before the kan is completed, therefore, no new kan dora indicator is flipped.


===Ankan===
===Ankan===
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:[http://tenhou.net/0/?log=2014032208gm-0009-7447-76e35c74&tw=3&ts=7 Example]
:[http://tenhou.net/0/?log=2014032208gm-0009-7447-76e35c74&tw=3&ts=7 Example]


Also known as a "closed kan", a player may draw all four of a tile type. Unlike the other two kan types, '''ankan''' {{kana|暗槓}} keeps the hand closed, unless the hand has been opened previously. Thus, even with an ankan call, the player may still have the option of declaring [[riichi]] even with such a kan call, calling kan during riichi barring restrictions, and/or winning the hand via [[mentsumo]].
'''Ankan''' {{kana|暗槓}}, or "closed kan", may be declared when a player draws all four of a tile type. Unlike the other two kan types, ankan does not open the hand.  
Like a shominkan, an ankan may be declared during any of a player's turns. It may not be called right after a pon or chii call, and may not be called if there is no tiles in the live wall.


Per rule variation, the kandora indicator is flipped immediately with an ankan call, rather than waiting for the player's discard or the rinshan draw.
Per rule variation, the kandora indicator is flipped immediately with an ankan call.


Like a shominkan, an ankan may be declared during the player's turn.  As such, the player holds all four tiles. The same restrictions as for the shominkan apply.  An ankan may not be subject to chankan, except against a [[kokushi]] [[tenpai]], if the rules allow.
An ankan may not be subject to chankan, except against a [[kokushi]] [[tenpai]], if the rules allow.


== Tile arrangements ==
== Tile arrangements ==
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==Multiple kan calls==
==Multiple kan calls==
If in possession with the proper tiles, a player may call kan more than once consecutively. Theoretically, up to 4 kan calls can be made in one turn.
If in possession with the proper tiles, a player may call kan more than once consecutively. Theoretically, up to 4 kan calls can be made in one turn.


[http://tenhou.net/0/?log=2012090616gm-0009-0000-ef78f6ce&tw=1&ts=6 Example]:
[http://tenhou.net/0/?log=2012090616gm-0009-0000-ef78f6ce&tw=1&ts=6 Example]:
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A player may be allowed to call a closed kan during riichi, depending on the hand's composition.
A player may be allowed to call a closed kan during riichi, depending on the hand's composition.


Under most professional rulesets, a player is not allowed to call kan if it would change the hand's possible winning tiles, or if it would change any possible interpretation of the hand. If, for any winning tile, any of the three identical tiles can be interpreted as part of a [[shuntsu|sequence]] or part of the pair, the kan is not allowed.
Under most professional rulesets, a player is not allowed to call kan if it would change any possible interpretation of the hand. If, for any winning tile, any of the three identical tiles can be interpreted as part of a [[shuntsu|sequence]] or part of the pair, the kan is not allowed. By proxy, the hands winning tiles cannot change.


Under some rulesets, such as in [[tenhou.net]] and [[Mahjong Soul]], an alternative is used: so long as a kan does not change the hand's possible winning tiles, the kan is allowed. (I.e., even if a kan would change a possible interpretation of the hand, it is allowed if the waits do not change.)
Under some rulesets, such as in [[tenhou.net]] and [[Mahjong Soul]], an alternative is used: so long as a kan does not change the hand's possible winning tiles, the kan is allowed. (I.e., changing the hand interpretation is allowed.)


If a player does declare a kan illegally during riichi, and they call [[ron]] or the game goes to an [[ryuukyoku|exhaustive draw]], then they will be penalized with a [[chombo]] penalty for breaking the rule. If a player is not required to reveal their hand, or if another player wins, they will normally not be penalized.
If a player does declare a kan illegally during riichi, and they call [[ron]] or the game goes to an [[ryuukyoku|exhaustive draw]], then they will be penalized with a [[chombo]] penalty for breaking the rule. If a player is not required to reveal their hand, or if another player wins, they will normally not be penalized.
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===Last tile===
===Last tile===
[[Image:Kan denied.png|thumb|right|250px|Instance where kan is denied due to [http://tenhou.net/0/?log=2014081307gm-0089-0000-edd77642&tw=0&ts=8 lack of live wall tiles].]]
[[Image:Kan denied.png|thumb|right|250px|Instance where kan is denied due to [http://tenhou.net/0/?log=2014081307gm-0089-0000-edd77642&tw=0&ts=8 lack of live wall tiles].]]
Kan cannot be called after drawing the [[Haiteihai|last tile]], as the live wall is empty and so a tile cannot be moved to the dead wall.  Part of the kan process requires live tiles from the end of the wall to be transferred to the dead wall. If this is not possible, then kan is not possible.
Kan cannot be called after drawing the [[Haiteihai|last tile]], as the live wall is empty and so a tile cannot be moved to the dead wall.  Part of the kan process requires live tiles from the end of the wall to be transferred to the dead wall. If this is not possible, then kan is not possible.


===Tile calls===
===Tile calls===
After [[naki|taking a discarded tile]], a player cannot call kan, even if a player has the tile(s) available in hand to do so. The next opportunity to call kan comes after the next tile draw. This does not apply when a daiminkan is called, as the kan causes a tile to be drawn immediately.
After [[naki|taking a discarded tile]], a player cannot call kan, even if a player has the tile(s) available in hand to do so. The next opportunity to call kan comes after the next tile draw. This does not apply when a daiminkan is called, as the kan causes a tile to be drawn immediately.


==Suukaikan==
==Suukaikan==
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This is an "abortive draw" regarding kan calls.  From the dead wall, only four tiles can be used for the extra draw, or '''rinshanpai'''.  The remaining tiles from the dead wall are used as dora indicators, or they are tile replacements from the regular wall.  Neither of these two tile type can be used in play.  As a result, the limit of kan calls for a hand session is set to four.  After the fourth kan call, the [[hanchan|kyoku]] (hand session) ends after the [[rinshan]] draw and subsequent discard.   
This is an "abortive draw" regarding kan calls.  From the dead wall, only four tiles can be used for the extra draw, or '''rinshanpai'''.  The remaining tiles from the dead wall are used as dora indicators, or they are tile replacements from the regular wall.  Neither of these two tile type can be used in play.  As a result, the limit of kan calls for a hand session is set to four.  After the fourth kan call, the [[hanchan|kyoku]] (hand session) ends after the [[rinshan]] draw and subsequent discard.   


However, an exception is made for players with [[suukantsu]] tenpai.  After the fourth kan call, the game continues, giving the player a chance to score the yakuman. Under many rulesets, the other players are not allowed to call a fifth kan to invoke the abortive draw. Some [[rule variations]] may allow a fifth kan to immediately end the game in a draw, though.<ref>https://youtu.be/eds4GAKPlOc?t=5m7s</ref> If this rule variation is used, the fifth-kan draw happens before [[chankan]] and [[rinshan]] can happen.
However, an exception is made for players with [[suukantsu]] tenpai.  After the fourth kan call, the game continues, giving the player a chance to score the yakuman. Under many rulesets, the other players are not allowed to call a fifth kan to invoke the abortive draw. Some [[rule variations]] may allow calling a fifth kan to immediately end the game in a draw, though.<ref>https://na.finalfantasyxiv.com/lodestone/playguide/contentsguide/goldsaucer/doman-mahjong/special_rule</ref> If this rule variation is used, the fifth kan draw happens before [[chankan]] and [[rinshan]] can happen.


== Yaku ==
== Yaku ==
Hordes
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