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=== Example 1: Different end tile of a chii ===
=== Example 1: Different end tile of a chii ===
# Player has in hand: {{#mjt:456p}}
# Player has in hand: {{#mjt:123m}}
# Left player discards: {{#mjt:7p}}
# Left player discards: {{#mjt:4m}}
# Chii is called to form {{#mjt:7'56p}}
# Chii is called to form {{#mjt:4'23m}}
# {{#mjt:4p}} is left over, but cannot be discarded on the same turn, because it completed the {{#mjt:56p}} on the other end.
# {{#mjt:1m}} is left over, but cannot be discarded on the same turn, because it completed the {{#mjt:23m}} on the other end.


=== Example 2: Middle tile of a chii ===
=== Example 2: Middle tile of a chii ===
# Player has in hand: {{#mjt:678m}}
# Player has in hand: {{#mjt:123p}}
# Left player discards: {{#mjt:7m}}
# Left player discards: {{#mjt:2p}}
# Chii is called to form {{#mjt:7'68m}}
# Chii is called to form {{#mjt:2'13p}}
# {{#mjt:7m}} is left over, but cannot be discarded on the same turn, because it is another copy of the tile that was just called.
# {{#mjt:2p}} is left over, but cannot be discarded on the same turn, because it is another copy of the tile that was just called.


=== Example 3: Same end tile of a chii ===
=== Example 3: Same end tile of a chii ===
# Player has in hand: {{#mjt:234s}}
# Player has in hand: {{#mjt:123s}}
# Left player discards: {{#mjt:2s}}
# Left player discards: {{#mjt:1s}}
# Chii is called to form {{#mjt:2'34s}}
# Chii is called to form {{#mjt:1'23s}}
# {{#mjt:2s}} is left over, but cannot be discarded on the same turn, because it is another copy of the tile that was just called.
# {{#mjt:1s}} is left over, but cannot be discarded on the same turn, because it is another copy of the tile that was just called.


=== Example 4: Pon===
=== Example 4: Pon===
# Player has in hand: {{#mjt:777s}}
# Player has in hand: {{#mjt:111m}}
# Any player discards: {{#mjt:7s}}
# Any player discards: {{#mjt:1m}}
# Pon is called to form {{#mjt:777's}} (orientation depending on tile source)
# Pon is called to form {{#mjt:111'm}} (orientation depending on tile source)
# {{#mjt:7s}} is left over, but cannot be discarded on the same turn, because it is another copy of the tile that was just called.
# {{#mjt:1m}} is left over, but cannot be discarded on the same turn, because it is another copy of the tile that was just called.


=== Example 5===
=== Example 5===
# After calling three times, player has in hand: {{#mjt:1234m}}
# After calling three times, player has in hand: {{#mjt:1234p}}
# Left player discards: {{#mjt:1m}}
# Left player discards: {{#mjt:1p}}
# If chii is called to form {{#mjt:1'23m}}, then only {{#mjt:1m}} and {{#mjt:4m}} are left over.
# If chii is called to form {{#mjt:1'23p}}, then only {{#mjt:1p}} and {{#mjt:4p}} are left over.
# However, discarding either {{#mjt:1m}} or {{#mjt:4m}} will violate the rules above. Therefore, player cannot call chii on {{#mjt:1m}}.
# However, discarding either {{#mjt:1p}} or {{#mjt:4p}} will violate the rules above. Therefore, player cannot call chii on {{#mjt:1p}}.


== Reasoning ==
== Reasoning ==
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When kuikae is allowed, players can:
When kuikae is allowed, players can:
* Call tiles in order to ''easily'' disrupt others. Players can make "meaningless" calls in order to interrupt other players' [[ippatsu]] or the [[haitei]] draw.  
* Call tiles in order to "easily" disrupt others. Players can make "meaningless" calls in order to interrupt other players' [[ippatsu]] or shift the [[haitei]] draw.  
** Calls can also be used to skip having to draw a (potentially dangerous) tile late in the round. This can be especially important if in [[tenpai]], due to the [[noten]] penalty.
* Call tiles in order to "easily" skip having to draw a (potentially dangerous) tile late in the round. This can be especially important if in [[tenpai]], due to the [[noten]] penalty.
* Call tiles in order to ''easily'' raise the value of their hand. Kuikae can be used to change the end of a sequence (as shown in Example 1) to obtain yaku, such as [[tanyao]] or [[sanshoku]]. It can also be used to obtain dora, such as calling a [[red five]], then discarding a five afterwards.
* Call tiles in order to "easily" raise the value of their hand. Kuikae can be used to change the end of a sequence (as shown in Example 1) to obtain yaku, such as [[tanyao]] or [[sanshoku]]. It can also be used to obtain dora, such as calling a [[red five]], then discarding a five afterwards.


By restricting kuikae, both cases become less prevalent: it is harder to disrupt players for the sake of disruption, and it is harder to gain value with an otherwise useless call. Allowing kuikae is not an inherently bad thing - these "disruptive" tactics have a strategy of their own. However, since more players prefer to play with kuikae restricted, the kuikae restriction became more popular to use. Today, kuikae nashi is the standard rule, and most places include some form of it.
By restricting kuikae, both cases become less prevalent: it is harder to disrupt players for the sake of disruption, and it is harder to gain value with an otherwise useless call. Allowing kuikae is not an inherently bad thing - these "disruptive" tactics have a strategy of their own. However, since more players prefer to play with kuikae restricted, the kuikae restriction became more popular to use. Today, kuikae nashi is the standard rule, and most places include some form of it.
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With certain complex tile shapes, it is possible to make kuikae-like tile calls without violating the kuikae rule. For example:
With certain complex tile shapes, it is possible to make kuikae-like tile calls without violating the kuikae rule. For example:


# Player has in hand: {{#mjt:123456p}}
# Player has in hand: {{#mjt:123456s}}
# Left player discards: {{#mjt:4p}}
# Left player discards: {{#mjt:4s}} (or {{#mjt:7s}})
# Chii is called to form {{#mjt:4'56p}}
# Chii is called to form {{#mjt:4'56s}} (or {{#mjt:7'56s}})
# {{#mjt:1234p}} are left over.
# {{#mjt:1234s}} are left over.
## {{#mjt:4p}} cannot be discarded on the same turn due to kuikae; however,
## {{#mjt:4s}} cannot be discarded on the same turn due to kuikae; however,
## {{#mjt:1p}} is not connected to {{#mjt:56p}}, and can be discarded immediately.
## {{#mjt:1s}} is not connected to {{#mjt:56s}}, and can be discarded immediately.


If {{#mjt:1p}} was the only [[yaochuuhai]] in the hand, the hand now acquires tanyao. This would not have been possible if the player called chii with {{#mjt:23p}} to form {{#mjt:4'23p}}, in which case discarding {{#mjt:1p}} would be forbidden by kuikae.
If {{#mjt:1s}} was the only [[yaochuuhai]] in the hand, the hand now acquires tanyao. This would not have been possible if the player called chii with {{#mjt:23s}} to form {{#mjt:4'23s}}, in which case discarding {{#mjt:1s}} would be forbidden by kuikae.


==Rule Variations==
==Rule Variations==
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