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| J-Chinese || 70001 || houra || 「和了」 || {en} || {fr} || {de}  
| J-Chinese || 70001 || houra || 「和了」 || {en} || {fr} || {de}  
|-
|-
| J-Chinese || 70001 || houra || 「和了」 || {en} || {fr} || {de}  
| ... || 80001 || agari || 「和がり」 || to declare a win || déclarer une victoire || {de}  
|-
|-
| J-Chinese || 70001 || houra || 「和了」 || {en} || {fr} || {de}  
| ... || 80001 || aidayonken || 「間四軒」 || 4-tile interval || intervalle de 4 tuiles || {de}  
|-
|-
| J-Chinese || 70001 || houra || 「和了」 || {en} || {fr} || {de}  
| ... || 80001 || akapai || 「赤牌」 || red tile || [une] tuile rouge || {de}  
|-
|-
| J-Chinese || 70001 || houra || 「和了」 || {en} || {fr} || {de}  
| ... || 80001 || anpai || 「安牌」 || safe tile || [une] tuile sécuritaire || {de}  
|-
|-
| J-Chinese || 70001 || houra || 「和了」 || {en} || {fr} || {de}
| ... || 80001 || aotenjou || 「青天井」 || skyrocketing scoring || pointage exponentiel || {de}  
|-
| J-Chinese || 70001 || houra || 「和了」 || {en} || {fr} || {de}
|-
| ... || 80001 || . || 「jpKanji」 || {en} || {fr} || {de}
|-
| ... || 90001 || . || 「jpKanji」 || {en} || {fr} || {de}
|}
 
===Table notes===
'''Japanese'''
{{reflist|group=ja|refs=
<ref name=ja01>Japanese terms are written when possible with extended vowels, without hyphens or macrons.</ref>
<ref name=ja02>The Moon goes by other names, such as Selena.</ref>
<ref name=ja03>Historically the Moon was not always considered to be large.</ref>
}}
'''English'''
{{reflist|group=en|refs=
<ref name=en01>Basic game vocabulary, used as is in English.</ref>
<ref name=en02>The Moon goes by other names, such as Selena.</ref>
<ref name=en03>Historically the Moon was not always considered to be large.</ref>
}}
'''French'''
{{reflist|group=fr|refs=
<ref name=fr01>Vocabulaire de base du jeu, utilisé tel quel en français.</ref>
<ref name=fr02>The Moon goes by other names, such as Selena.</ref>
<ref name=fr03>Historically the Moon was not always considered to be large.</ref>
}}
'''German'''
{{reflist|group=de|refs=
<ref name=de01>But Miller points out that the Sun is not as large as some other stars.</ref>
<ref name=de02>The Moon goes by other names, such as Selena.</ref>
<ref name=de03>Historically the Moon was not always considered to be large.</ref>
}}
 
==Controversial translation by language==
===French===
Generally, there are two main sources for French terminology: the [[Fédération Française de Mah-Jong|French Federation of Mah-Jong]] (FFMJ), and [[Club Riichi de Montréal]] (CRM), as well as various authors hailing from the spheres of influence of the two organizations. Some terms may not reflect the words in usage in either area and there is no sustained effort to either harmonize or even officialize the terminology used. While Senechal's point of view is heavily biased towards CRM, the goal is to maintain as much similitude as possible. French has a wide gamut of precise terms to describe more things than in English. The caveats to this are when a translation was poorly done on either end, or if a non-riichi version of mahjong introduces a term conflicting with Japanese mahjong.
====Pinzu: Cercle versus sapèque====
[[Pinzu]] have been referred to as "cercles" by the Réunion Federation of Mah-Jong (FRMJ), a sub-group of the FFMJ, as well as in books by Stéphane Parcollet. Everyone can understand that circles are round. The problem lies in the fact that circles are monolinear abstract objects, whereas the concrete objects represented are coins used in China, with holes in them. Whereas the English term for them (cash) has not caught on, the French language has the term sapèque, which is quite precise, unambiguous, and does not raise eyebrows related to anti-gambling prejudice like cash would in English.
 
As cercles would cause a shorthand conflict with caractères or chiffres (see below), it also poorly serves a disambiguative purpose.
 
'''Ruling''': Use ''sapèque'', never ''cercle'' (imprecise).
 
====Manzu: Caractère versus chiffre, nombre====
The word characters is a poor choice in any language, as Asian languages use characters for everything. Mahjong tiles themselves have 15 different tiles (from the base 34 types) that have Chinese characters on them. This leads to a lot of confusion with character, number, digit and word. All tiles from 1 to 9 (108 tiles) are called suupai (number tiles), and all other tiles (28 tiles) represent winds and dragons, called jihai (word tiles). But if words on word tiles are characters, then why call anything characters?
 
'''Note''': TBD in English.
 
'''Ruling''': Use ''chiffre'' in French, not ''caractère'' (imprecise) nor ''nombre'' (other use).
 
==Cross-language issues==
===Pinzu versus Tonzu===
The cash coins represented on mahjong tiles would be accurately described as tonzu. However, many areas in China, as well as the people who helped disseminate mahjong in Japan were using the term pinzu, representing barrels as opposed to coins. In the western world, there is no clear term used: circles and dots in English, cercles and sapèques in French, etc. While standardizing to one word per language serves a purpose, forcefully aligning every language to a singular concept may not be beneficial.
 
'''Ruling''': ''pinzu'' in Japanese, ''sapèque'' in French, TBD in English.
 
===Souzu versus Bamboo===
Souzu in Japanese represents what it does in Chinese: string stacks of coins, representing 100 coins per stack. It in no way means bamboo (it's not called chikuzu), but as it has garnered overwhelming traction in all languages even by people uninterested in mahjong, it would be pointless to change a term that has garnered more acceptance than the game itself.
 
===Terminals versus Ends===
There is a dispute as whether to use terminals or ends for the terms yaochuuhai and routouhai. In English and French, the logic that applies is that a terminal must be at the start, finish, or sole point in a line, whereas an end '''must''' be at the start or finish of a non-zero length line. In German, there is an expression, "Alles hat ein Ende, nur die Wurst hat zwei". It is important to consider the three suits (die Farbe) as being the sausage here.
 
'''Ruling''': ''Yaochuuhai'', even if it says "1-9-tiles" in Japanese and Chinese, means all of ones, nines, winds and dragons: it is thus translated as ''terminals''. <br> ''Routouhai'' refers specifically to ones and nines exclusively: both [[honroutou]] and [[chinroutou]] require that consistency be kept among the terms (and [[tsuuiisou]] requires none), and thus, it should be translated as ''ends''.
 
== Notes ==
{{reflist}}
The index key provided is currently a work in progress. The last digit is used for overlapping terminology or ideas.
 
== External links ==
[[Category:Terminology]]
{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
!Japanese
!Kanji
!Explanation
|-
| ... || 80001 || agari || 「和がり」 || {en} || {fr} || {de}
|-
| ... || 80001 || aidayonken || 「間四軒」 || {en} || {fr} || {de}
|-
| ... || 80001 || akapai || 「赤牌」 || {en} || {fr} || {de}
|-
| ... || 80001 || anpai || 「安牌」 || {en} || {fr} || {de}
|-
| ... || 80001 || aotenjou || 「青天井」 || {en} || {fr} || {de}  
|-
|-
| ... || 80001 || ariari || 「アリアリ」 || {en} || {fr} || {de}  
| ... || 80001 || ariari || 「アリアリ」 || {en} || {fr} || {de}  
|-
|-
| ... || 80001 || atama || 「頭」 || {en} || {fr} || {de}  
| ... || 80001 || atama || 「頭」 || head / pair || tête / paire || {de}  
|-
|-
| ... || 80001 || atamahane || 「頭跳ね」 || {en} || {fr} || {de}  
| ... || 80001 || atamahane || 「頭跳ね」 || priority win / head bump || [une] victoire prioritaire / [un] coup de tête || {de}  
|-
|-
| ... || 80001 || atozuke || 「先付け」 || {en} || {fr} || {de}  
| ... || 80001 || atozuke || 「先付け」 || late yaku hand || [une] main avec yaku tardif || {de}  
|-
|-
| ... || 80001 || awaseuchi || 「合わせ打ち」 || {en} || {fr} || {de}  
| ... || 80001 || awaseuchi || 「合わせ打ち」 || matching discard || [un] écart identique || {de}  
|-
|-
| ... || 80001 || ba || 「場」 || {en} || {fr} || {de}  
| ... || 80001 || ba || 「場」 || (wind) round || [le] tour (de vent) || {de}  
|-
|-
| ... || 80001 || baiman || 「倍満」 || {en} || {fr} || {de}  
| ... || 80001 || baiman || 「倍満」 || {en} || {fr} || {de}  
|-
|-
| ... || 80001 || bakaze || 「場風」 || {en} || {fr} || {de}  
| ... || 80001 || bakaze || 「場風」 || round wind || [le] vent du tour || {de}  
|-
|-
| ... || 80001 || barai || 「払い」 || {en} || {fr} || {de}  
| ... || 80001 || barai || 「払い」 || payment || paiement || {de}  
|-
|-
| ... || 80001 || bazoro || 「場ゾロ」 || {en} || {fr} || {de}  
| ... || 80001 || bazoro || 「場ゾロ」 || base exponent || exposant de base || {de}  
|-
|-
| ... || 80001 || betaori || 「ベタ降り」 || {en} || {fr} || {de}  
| ... || 80001 || betaori || 「ベタ降り」 || {en} || {fr} || {de}  
|-
|-
| ... || 80001 || chombo || 「錯和」 || {en} || {fr} || {de}  
| ... || 80001 || chombo || 「錯和」 || major foul || [une] faute grave || {de}  
|-
|-
| ... || 80001 || chunchan || 「中張」 || {en} || {fr} || {de}  
| ... || 80001 || chunchan || 「中張」 || simples || simples || {de}  
|-
|-
| ... || 80001 || chunchanhai || 「中張牌」 || {en} || {fr} || {de}  
| ... || 80001 || chunchanhai || 「中張牌」 || simple tiles || tuile simple || {de}  
|-
|-
| ... || 80001 || daburon || 「ダブロン」 || {en} || {fr} || {de}  
| ... || 80001 || daburon || 「ダブロン」 || double ron || double ron || {de}  
|-
|-
| ... || 80001 || daiminkan || 「大明槓」 || {en} || {fr} || {de}  
| ... || 80001 || daiminkan || 「大明槓」 || {en} || {fr} || {de}  
Line 461: Line 376:
| ... || 80001 || wanpai || 「王牌」 || {en} || {fr} || {de}  
| ... || 80001 || wanpai || 「王牌」 || {en} || {fr} || {de}  
|-
|-
| ... || 80001 || oya || 「親」 || {en} || {fr} || {de}  
| ... || 80001 || oya || 「親」 || dealer || [le] donneur || {de}  
|-
|-
| ... || 80001 || digital || 「デジタル」 || {en} || {fr} || {de}  
| ... || 80001 || digital || 「デジタル」 || {en} || {fr} || {de}  
Line 471: Line 386:
| ... || 80001 || dora || 「ドラ」 || {en} || {fr} || {de}  
| ... || 80001 || dora || 「ドラ」 || {en} || {fr} || {de}  
|-
|-
| ... || 80001 || dorahyouji || 「ドラ表示」 || {en} || {fr} || {de}  
| ... || 80001 || dorahyouji || 「ドラ表示」 || dora indicator || [un] indicateur de dora || {de}  
|-
|-
| ... || 80001 || sangenpai || 「三元牌」 || {en} || {fr} || {de}  
| ... || 80001 || sangenpai || 「三元牌」 || {en} || {fr} || {de}  
Line 511: Line 426:
| ... || 80001 || . || 「巡」 || {en} || {fr} || {de}  
| ... || 80001 || . || 「巡」 || {en} || {fr} || {de}  
|-
|-
| ... || 80001 || . || 「上家」 || {en} || {fr} || {de}  
| ... || 80001 || . || 「上家」 || player to the left || [le] joueur à la gauche || {de}  
|-
|-
| ... || 80001 || . || 「カンドラ」 || {en} || {fr} || {de}  
| ... || 80001 || . || 「カンドラ」 || kan dora || [le] dora supplémentaire (grâce au kan) || {de}  
|-
|-
| ... || 80001 || . || 「風牌」 || {en} || {fr} || {de}  
| ... || 80001 || . || 「風牌」 || {en} || {fr} || {de}  
Line 555: Line 470:
| ... || 80001 || . || 「喰い断幺九」 || {en} || {fr} || {de}  
| ... || 80001 || . || 「喰い断幺九」 || {en} || {fr} || {de}  
|-
|-
| ... || 80001 || . || 「客風」 || {en} || {fr} || {de}  
| ... || 80001 || . || 「客風」 || useless wind || [un] vent inutile || {de}  
|-
|-
| ... || 80001 || . || 「包」 || {en} || {fr} || {de}  
| ... || 80001 || . || 「包」 || responsibility || [la] responsabilité || {de}  
|-
|-
| ... || 80001 || . || 「連荘」 || {en} || {fr} || {de}  
| ... || 80001 || . || 「連荘」 || {en} || {fr} || {de}  
Line 565: Line 480:
| ... || 80001 || . || 「嶺上牌」 || {en} || {fr} || {de}  
| ... || 80001 || . || 「嶺上牌」 || {en} || {fr} || {de}  
|-
|-
| ... || 80001 || . || 「老頭牌」 || {en} || {fr} || {de}  
| ... || 80001 || . || 「老頭牌」 || end tiles || tuile d'extrémité || {de}  
|-
|-
| ... || 80001 || . || 「二飜縛り」 || {en} || {fr} || {de}  
| ... || 80001 || . || 「二飜縛り」 || 2-han minimum || minimum de 2 han || {de}  
|-
|-
| ... || 80001 || . || 「三元牌」 || {en} || {fr} || {de}  
| ... || 80001 || . || 「三元牌」 || {en} || {fr} || {de}  
|-
|-
| ... || 80001 || . || 「差し込み」 || {en} || {fr} || {de}  
| ... || 80001 || . || 「差し込み」 || dealing in voluntarily || donner la victoire volontairement || {de}  
|-
|-
| ... || 80001 || . || 「向聴」 || {en} || {fr} || {de}  
| ... || 80001 || . || 「向聴」 || count (from tempai) || le compte (de tenpai) || {de}  
|-
|-
| ... || 80001 || . || 「絞り」 || {en} || {fr} || {de}  
| ... || 80001 || . || 「絞り」 || squeeze play || jouer la rétention || {de}  
|-
|-
| ... || 80001 || . || 「下家」 || {en} || {fr} || {de}  
| ... || 80001 || . || 「下家」 || player to the right || [le] joueur à droite || {de}  
|-
|-
| ... || 80001 || . || 「生牌」 || {en} || {fr} || {de}  
| ... || 80001 || . || 「生牌」 || live tile || tuile vivante || {de}  
|-
|-
| ... || 80001 || . || 「数牌」 || {en} || {fr} || {de}  
| ... || 80001 || . || 「数牌」 || number tiles || tuiles à numéros || {de}  
|-
|-
| ... || 80001 || . || 「筋」 || {en} || {fr} || {de}  
| ... || 80001 || . || 「筋」 || fork / muscle (lit.) || fourchette / muscle (lit.) || {de}  
|-
|-
| ... || 80001 || . || 「単騎」 || {en} || {fr} || {de}  
| ... || 80001 || . || 「単騎」 || {en} || {fr} || {de}  
Line 593: Line 508:
| ... || 80001 || . || 「聴牌」 || {en} || {fr} || {de}  
| ... || 80001 || . || 「聴牌」 || {en} || {fr} || {de}  
|-
|-
| ... || 80001 || . || 「対面」 || {en} || {fr} || {de}  
| ... || 80001 || . || 「対面」 || Player across || [le] joueur en face || {de}  
|-
|-
| ... || 80001 || . || 「東風戦」 || {en} || {fr} || {de}  
| ... || 80001 || . || 「東風戦」 || {en} || {fr} || {de}  
Line 621: Line 536:
| ... || 80001 || . || 「空切り」 || {en} || {fr} || {de}  
| ... || 80001 || . || 「空切り」 || {en} || {fr} || {de}  
|-
|-
| ... || 80001 || . || 「点パネ」 || {en} || {fr} || {de}  
| ... || 80001 || . || 「点パネ」 || {12-20 extra fu hand} || {fr} || {de}  
|-
|-
| ... || 80001 || . || 「符跳ね」 || {en} || {fr} || {de}  
| ... || 80001 || . || 「符跳ね」 || {en} || {fr} || {de}  
|-
|-
| ... || 80001 || . || 「牌譜」 || {en} || {fr} || {de}  
| ... || 80001 || . || 「牌譜」 || Game record || historique de jeu || {de}  
|-
|-
| ... || 80001 || . || 「起家」 || {en} || {fr} || {de}  
| ... || 80001 || . || 「起家」 || First dealer || Premier donneur || {de}  
|-
|-
| ... || 80001 || . || 「四風連打」 || {en} || {fr} || {de}  
| ... || 80001 || . || 「四風連打」 || Four-wind abortion || avortement de quatre vents || {de}  
|-
|-
|
| ... || 90001 || . || 「jpKanji」 || {en} || {fr} || {de}
|-
|}
}
 
===Table notes===
'''Japanese'''
{{reflist|group=ja|refs=
<ref name=ja01>Japanese terms are written when possible with extended vowels, without hyphens or macrons.</ref>
<ref name=ja02>The Moon goes by other names, such as Selena.</ref>
<ref name=ja03>Historically the Moon was not always considered to be large.</ref>
}}
'''English'''
{{reflist|group=en|refs=
<ref name=en01>Basic game vocabulary, used as is in English.</ref>
<ref name=en02>The Moon goes by other names, such as Selena.</ref>
<ref name=en03>Historically the Moon was not always considered to be large.</ref>
}}
'''French'''
{{reflist|group=fr|refs=
<ref name=fr01>Vocabulaire de base du jeu, utilisé tel quel en français.</ref>
<ref name=fr02>The Moon goes by other names, such as Selena.</ref>
<ref name=fr90>Mot invariable.</ref>
<ref name=fr91>Mot masculin.</ref>
<ref name=fr92>Mot féminin.</ref>
}}
'''German'''
{{reflist|group=de|refs=
<ref name=de01>But Miller points out that the Sun is not as large as some other stars.</ref>
<ref name=de02>The Moon goes by other names, such as Selena.</ref>
<ref name=de90>(inv.).</ref>
<ref name=de91>(maskulin).</ref>
<ref name=de92>(feminin).</ref>
<ref name=de93>(neutrum.).</ref>
}}
 
==Controversial translation by language==
===French===
Generally, there are two main sources for French terminology: the [[Fédération Française de Mah-Jong|French Federation of Mah-Jong]] (FFMJ), and [[Club Riichi de Montréal]] (CRM), as well as various authors hailing from the spheres of influence of the two organizations. Some terms may not reflect the words in usage in either area and there is no sustained effort to either harmonize or even officialize the terminology used. While Senechal's point of view is heavily biased towards CRM, the goal is to maintain as much similitude as possible. French has a wide gamut of precise terms to describe more things than in English. The caveats to this are when a translation was poorly done on either end, or if a non-riichi version of mahjong introduces a term conflicting with Japanese mahjong.
====Pinzu: Cercle versus sapèque====
[[Pinzu]] have been referred to as "cercles" by the Réunion Federation of Mah-Jong (FRMJ), a sub-group of the FFMJ, as well as in books by Stéphane Parcollet. Everyone can understand that circles are round. The problem lies in the fact that circles are monolinear abstract objects, whereas the concrete objects represented are coins used in China, with holes in them. Whereas the English term for them (cash) has not caught on, the French language has the term sapèque, which is quite precise, unambiguous, and does not raise eyebrows related to anti-gambling prejudice like cash would in English.
 
As cercles would cause a shorthand conflict with caractères or chiffres (see below), it also poorly serves a disambiguative purpose.
 
'''Ruling''': Use ''sapèque'', never ''cercle'' (imprecise).
 
====Manzu: Caractère versus chiffre, nombre====
The word characters is a poor choice in any language, as Asian languages use characters for everything. Mahjong tiles themselves have 15 different tiles (from the base 34 types) that have Chinese characters on them. This leads to a lot of confusion with character, number, digit and word. All tiles from 1 to 9 (108 tiles) are called suupai (number tiles), and all other tiles (28 tiles) represent winds and dragons, called jihai (word tiles). But if words on word tiles are characters, then why call anything characters?
 
'''Note''': TBD in English.
 
'''Ruling''': Use ''chiffre'' in French, not ''caractère'' (imprecise) nor ''nombre'' (other use).
 
==Cross-language issues==
===Pinzu versus Tonzu===
The cash coins represented on mahjong tiles would be accurately described as tonzu. However, many areas in China, as well as the people who helped disseminate mahjong in Japan were using the term pinzu, representing barrels as opposed to coins. In the western world, there is no clear term used: circles and dots in English, cercles and sapèques in French, etc. While standardizing to one word per language serves a purpose, forcefully aligning every language to a singular concept may not be beneficial.
 
'''Ruling''': ''pinzu'' in Japanese, ''sapèque'' in French, TBD in English.
 
===Souzu versus Bamboo===
Souzu in Japanese represents what it does in Chinese: string stacks of coins, representing 100 coins per stack. It in no way means bamboo (it's not called chikuzu), but as it has garnered overwhelming traction in all languages even by people uninterested in mahjong, it would be pointless to change a term that has garnered more acceptance than the game itself.
 
===Terminals versus Ends===
There is a dispute as whether to use terminals or ends for the terms yaochuuhai and routouhai. In English and French, the logic that applies is that a terminal must be at the start, finish, or sole point in a line, whereas an end '''must''' be at the start or finish of a non-zero length line. In German, there is an expression, "Alles hat ein Ende, nur die Wurst hat zwei". It is important to consider the three suits (die Farbe) as being the sausage here.
 
'''Ruling''': ''Yaochuuhai'', even if it says "1-9-tiles" in Japanese and Chinese, means all of ones, nines, winds and dragons: it is thus translated as ''terminals''. <br> ''Routouhai'' refers specifically to ones and nines exclusively: both [[honroutou]] and [[chinroutou]] require that consistency be kept among the terms (and [[tsuuiisou]] requires none), and thus, it should be translated as ''ends''.
 
== Notes ==
{{reflist}}
The index key provided is currently a work in progress. The last digit is used for overlapping terminology or ideas.
 
== External links ==
[[Category:Terminology]]
Senechal
478

edits

Retrieved from "https://riichi.wiki/Special:MobileDiff/12882"

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